Circumstances Translation in Arabic-English Version of Al-Ajnichah Al-Mutakassirah Novel: Systemic Functional Translation Approaches

Circumstances Translation in Arabic-English Version


Introduction
Abdul-Raof (2023) explains that Translation is a process in which a functionally equivalent text in another replaces a text in one.In other words, translation is the transfer of the intended meaning of a text from one language -called the source language (SL) -to another -called the target language (TL).Based on this, the main goal of translation is to ensure that the message or meaning contained in the source text is preserved as much as possible in the translation, even with changes in structure or wording.An understanding of translation theories such as techniques, methods, shifts, and ideologies is necessary.
The translation shift theory refers to the translation shift theory developed by Simatupang (2000).Simatupang divides translation shifts into two types, i.e., form shifts and meaning shifts.Form shift is a change that occurs in the syntactic structure or the use of words and phrases from the source language when translated into the target language.Meanwhile, a meaning shift is a change that occurs in the semantic structure or the use of certain meanings from the source language when translated into the target language.Translation method is the way or process of translation carried out by the translator in accordance with the expected goal and is closely related to the text as a whole (Molina & Albir, 2002).Therefore, the translation method is a way used by the translator to achieve the expected translation goal.The theory of translation method refers to Newmark (1988).According to Newmark, translation method is divided into two poles or he calls it V diagram, namely source language (SL) emphasis and target language (TL) emphasis.
Translators believe in two things when translating a text.First, the translator can bring the SL writer closer to the TL reader.Second, the translator can distance the SL writer from the TL reader (Dewi & Wijaya, 2021).This is the background of the concept of translation ideology.In the field of translation, ideology is a principle or belief that includes 'right-wrong' or 'good-bad' contained in translation, i.e. the criteria of the best translation for the TL reading public or the criteria of an appropriate translation that is favored by the public (Hoed, 2009).The ideology used by the translator is a relationship of attraction between two opposing poles, namely the SLoriented and the TL-oriented poles, termed as foreignizing translation and domesticating translation (Venuti, 1995).
Text problems related to translation science can be examined using the Systemic Functional Linguistics approach.Consequently, SFL has been applied to different areas of language sciences, including translation fields (Matthiessen & Halliday, 2009).SFL studies used in translation studies are often referred to as Systemic Functional Translation Studies (SFTS) (Wang, 2020).SFL view translation as a relation between languages, as a process of moving from one language to another, and as a recreation of meaning in context (Wang & Ma, 2020).Thus, the SFL approach focuses on the language engaging with the context and is believed to prove that the approach becomes a significant help in the translation process (Aminudin, 2023).
The problem of translated texts can be seen in novels.The popularity of novels among readers has made this genre of literary work widely translated into various languages (Nurlaili, 2023).It is one of the genres of fictional literary works.Novel is categorized as a long prose work that consists of several chapters and is able to contain a complex narrative plot (Inayyah & Simanjuntak, 2022).The translation of a novel can be regarded as a literary translation product (Hartono, 2018).This can be examined through one of the Arabic novels translated into different languages, namely the Al-Ajnichah Al-Mutakassirah by Khalil Gibran.This novel has been translated into English with the title The Broken Wings translated by Anthony Rizcallah Ferris (2019).The novel became the world's best-selling novel translated into English by several publishers (Nursida, 2018).This proves that the existence of the novel Al-Ajnichah Al-Mutakassirah by Khalil Gibran has high popularity and has an appeal in the hearts of novel readers.
The narration and translation of a novel cannot be separated from the study of SFL.One of the lingual units studied in SFL is circumstance.Circumstance is a description that explains the environment, nature, or location of a process (Hakim, 2016).Santosa (2003) states that the definition of circumstance is the physical or nonphysical environment surrounding a process.This circumstance concept was pioneered by Halliday (2004).Circumstance theory is part of the elements of transitivity.The elements of transitivity are participant, process, and circumstance (Marbun, 2016).The concept of circumstance was pioneered by Halliday which was then adapted into various languages, including Arabic developed by Bardi (2008).Circumstances consist of 9 types, i.e. extent, location, manner, cause, contingency, accompaniment, role, matter, and angle (Bardi, 2008;Halliday, 2004).
Previous relevant research related to the study of circumstances translation has been conducted by Hidayah (2018), Maknun et al. (2022), Purwaningsih et al. (2019), Sholihah et al. (2018), and Tilusubya et al. (2018).Those studies focused on the translation of circumstance from English into Indonesian.Then, research on the study of translation techniques, shifts, methods, and ideologies has been studied by several researchers, namely Agung dan Suastini (2022), Anis et al. (2022), Jannah andYoyo (2020), Nugraheni et al. (2016), Wafa and Tjahyadi (2017), as well as Widarwati and Wicaksono (2022).The research focuses on material objects such as sponsored letters, comics, novels, religious books, and motivational books.The studies that discuss material objects in the form of Al-Ajnichah Al-Mutakassirah novels are by Mu'alifah (2019) andNursida (2018).These studies examine Al-Ajnichah Al-Mutakassirah novels from several aspects, such as style and eloquence of meaning.
The research gap becomes evident when consider the limited exploration of Arabic-English circumstances within the context of Al-Ajnichah Al-Mutakassirah novels.While previous studies touched upon translation techniques, shifts, methods, and ideologies in various materials such as sponsored letters, comics, novels, religious books, and motivational books, the specific focus on Al-Ajnichah Al-Mutakassirah novels in the Arabic-English context emerges as an uncharted territory.Based on the literature review, it can be concluded that the research novelty are translation studies (techniques, shifts, methods, and ideology of translation) of Arabic-English circumstances in Al-Ajnichah Al-Mutakassirah novels.Specifically, the focus is on examining the techniques, shifts, methods, and ideologies employed in the translation of Arabic-English circumstances within the novels Al-Ajnichah Al-Mutakassirah.

Method
The research paradigm used in this study is descriptive qualitative research.This research uses a product-oriented translation approach.Data sources used for  (Kesuma, 2007).
The research used a combination of interactive analysis model by Miles and Huberman and content analysis model by Spradley.It is because the interactive analysis model and content analysis have similarities, both of which consist of four stages of analysis (Santosa, 2017).Miles and Huberman (1994, p. 10) explain that data analysis involves data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing/verification.Meanwhile, Spradley (1979) explains that data analysis is done by domain analysis, taxonomy analysis, componential analysis, and finding cultural themes.

Findings 3.1. Circumstance Type
In the translation from Arabic into English in the novel Al-Ajnichah Al-Mutakassirah, 9 types of circumstances were found.In SL or Arabic, there are 9 types of circumstances.In TL or English, 9 types of circumstances were found.The Table 1 shows the findings of circumstances in the Arabic-English translation of Al-Ajnichah Al-Mutakassirah.Based on the types of circumstances (Table 1), the most dominant finding is the type of location circumstance with a total of 300 data (46.6%).This implies that location circumstance is the most commonly used circumstances in Al-Ajnichah Al-Mutakassirah.The existence of location circumstan is used to show the place setting (realized in the function of place) and time setting (realized in the function of time).
The time and place setting in the novel Al-Ajnichah Al-Mutakassirah can help readers understand and appreciate the conflict and storyline.
The following data shows the circumstance types in the Arabic-English translation.

Data No
: 024 SL Data : ‫سلمى‬ ‫قبر‬ ‫بجانب‬ ‫ِّبين‬ ‫متهي‬ ‫وقفوا‬ Wa-qafū mutahayyibīna bi-jānibi qabri salmā (Gibran, 2012, p. 10) TL Data : And stop humbly by Selma's tomb (Ferris, 2019, p. 4) The data above shows a circumstance with the type of location that functions to show the place.The data above is an order from the character "I" (Khalil Gibran) called out to his companions.He advised that if you pass Salma's grave, then stop (Damono, 2021, p. 4).The location referred to by character "I" is explained in the circumstance ‫سلمى"‬ ‫قبر‬ ‫بجانب‬ /bi-jānibi qabri salma/" or "by Selma's tomb".This is intended so that the friends of the character "I" can honor Salma who has passed away.The circumstance location of the place in SL is indicated by the prepositional markers ‫"ب"‬ /bi/, ‫"جانب"‬ /jānibi/, and the word ' ‫'قبر‬ /qabrun/.In Arabic grammar, the preposition ‫"ب"‬ /bi/ serves to indicate a place (Ryding, 2005, p. 368) and the word ‫"جانب"‬ /jānibi/ is used to express something close or adjacent (Dhaif, 2011).While the word ' ‫'قبر‬ /qabrun/ is the place where people who have died are buried (Dhaif, 2011).In TL, the circumstance location of the place is shown with the preposition marker 'by' and the word 'tomb'.The preposition 'by' is used to indicate a close place (Thompson, 1993, p. 110).Meanwhile, the word 'tomb' means a burial place (Thompson, 1993, p. 961).The location of the place in the data above can also be identified through the question 'where should they (friend of the character "I") stop for a moment?'.Thus, the data above can be analyzed as a circumstance location of place, that is Selma's grave.

Circumstance Form
Circumstances in Al-Ajnichah Al-Mutakassirah and its English translation can be expressed in lingual units.The lingual units are words, phrases, and clauses.The findings of the Arabic-English translation show that circumstance has various forms of lingual units.In this study, a total of 3 lingual units were found to represent circumstance forms as an explanation of the storyline process in the novel Al-Ajnichah Al-Mutakassirah and its English translation.The Table 2 are the findings of circumstance forms in the Arabic-English translation of Al-Ajnichah Al-Mutakassirah.Based on Table 2, it can be seen that the circumstan form in Arabic-English translation is realized into phrases, words, and clauses.This is shown by the findings of phrases in 553 data (86.4%),words in 83 data (13%), and clauses in 4 data (0.6%).The data findings are dominated by the phrase form, which shows that the circumstance the form of phrases can enable the delivery of the storyline process in the novel clearly.The following data shows the circumstance forms in the Arabic-English translation.

Data No
: 300 SL Data : ‫مرة‬ ‫ألول‬ ‫عينيه‬ ‫ففتح‬ Fa-fatacha 'ainaihi li-awwali marrah (Gibran, 2012, p. 63) TL Data : He opened his eyes for the first time (Ferris, 2019, p. 51) The data above shows the narration of the character "I" (Khalil Gibran) when describing Selma in labor.Character "I" tells me that Selma placed her newborn baby on her chest.The baby opened its eyes for the first time (Damono, 2021, p. 119).The SL data is a circumstance with a prepositional phrase, namely ‫مرة'‬ ‫ألول‬ /li-awwali marrah/'.The phrase is composed of the preposition ‫ل'‬ /li/' and the phrase ‫مرة'‬ ‫أول‬ /awwali marrah/'.The composition ‫مرة'‬ ‫ألول‬ /li-awwali marrah/' consists of charf jārr and ism majrūr.The preposition ‫ل'‬ /li/' is used as a temporal indicator (Badawi et al., 2016, p. 219).While the phrase ‫مرة'‬ ‫أول‬ /awwali marrah/' has a genitive position (majrūr) with the tarkib idhāfi form.The composition of ‫مرة'‬ ‫أول‬ /awwali marrah/' consists of the word ‫أول'‬ /awwali/' as mudhāf and the word ‫مرة'‬ /marrah/' as mudhāf ilaih.As for the TL data, circumstance is expressed in the form of a prepositional phrase, namely 'for the first time'.The phrase has the composition of the preposition 'for' and the phrase 'the first time'.The preposition 'for' is used to express how often something happens (Sinclair, 1992, p. 564).Meanwhile, the preposition 'the first time' is composed of the definite article 'the', the word 'first', and the word 'time'.The analysis of the data above is to classify it as a circumstance prepositional phrase, namely ‫مرة'‬ ‫ألول‬ /li-awwali marrah/' and 'for the first time'.

Circumstance Translation Technique
In the translation from Arabic into English in Al-Ajnichah Al-Mutakassirah, the translator applies 15 types of translation techniques in translating the circumstance.The application of Arabic-English circumstance translation techniques in the novel Al-Ajnichah Al-Mutakassirah can be observed in the Table 3.  (Baalbaki, 1995, p. 25) and the word ‫'أخ'‬ /akhun/ means 'brother' (Baalbaki, 1995, p. 53).In TL culture, the term 'son of brother' is used to refer to the son of a brother (Sinclair, 1992, p. 964).The translation of the phrase ‫أخ"‬ ‫ابن‬ /ibnu akhun/" into 'nephew' can be categorized as a cultural translation with the classification of kinship culture (Hidayatullah, 2017).Based on this, it can be analyzed that the translator applies the adaptation technique in the data above by looking for terms that have similar characteristics to the phrase ‫أخ"‬ ‫ابن‬ /ibnu akhun/" so that the TL reader can easily understand the meaning conveyed from the SL.

Circumstance Type Shift
In this research, translation shift is found in the circumstance type in the Arabic-English translation of Al-Ajnichah Al-Mutakassirah.This is caused by the application of translation techniques used by the translator.The results of the data findings show that there are some circumstance data that shift from the original type from the source language into the target language.The Table 4 presents the shifts of circumstance types in the Arabic-English translation of Al-Ajnichah Al-Mutakassirah.: During my youth, Love will be my teacher (Ferris, 2019, p. 28) The data above is the explanation of the character "I" (Khalil Gibran) regarding love.He said that in his youth, love played the role of a teacher who taught sincerity (Damono, 2021, p. 66).SL data is a type of location circumstance with the function of showing time expressed in the form of prepositional phrase ‫الشبيبة'‬ ‫أيام‬ ‫'في‬ /fī ayyāmisysyabībah/.While the TL data belongs to the type of duration extent circumstance with the prepositional phrase form 'during my youth'.From both SL and TL circumstance data, there is a shift in circumstance type from time location circumstance to duration extent.The author analyzes that the shift in circumstance type in this data occurs due to the application of the common equivalent technique.The translator applies the established equivalent technique to the preposition ‫'في'‬ /fī/ translated into 'during'.The preposition ‫'في'‬ /fī/ means 'in; at; on; during; within' (Baalbaki, 1995, p. 838).The translator chooses one of the equivalents in translating the preposition ‫'في'‬ /fī/, which is 'during'.However, in the context of this data, the intended meaning of the preposition ‫'في'‬ /fī/ is 'in' because it shows the circumstance location with the function of showing time.The time in reference is when the character "I" (Khalil Gibran) was young.

Circumstance Form Shift
In this research, the translation shift is found in the circumstance form in the Arabic-English translation of Al-Ajnichah Al-Mutakassirah.This is caused by the application of translation techniques used by the translator.The data findings show that there are several circumstance forms that shift from their original form from the source language into the target language.The Table 5 showing the shift of circumstance forms in the Arabic-English translation of Al-Ajnichah Al-Mutakassirah.
Table 5 shows that the form of circumstance in Arabic-English translation in Al-Ajnichah Al-Mutakassirah novel is dominated by unshifted data with 289 data (90.3%).This indicates that translators in translating circumstance tends to maintain its equivalent form in both the source and target languages.As for the data of circumstance forms that shifted in Arabic-English translation, there are 31 data (9.7%).The shifting of circumstance forms occurs in some Arabic circumstance forms which shift into different forms in the English circumstance forms.This happens because translators apply certain translation techniques.The explanation related to the shift of Arabic-English circumstance forms in the novel Al-Ajnichah Al-Mutakassirah is presented below, equipped with examples of data findings and their analysis in detail.

Data No
: 212 SL Data : ‫المذبح‬ ‫أمام‬ ‫األحد‬ ‫يوم‬ ‫يقف‬ ‫المطران‬ ‫كان‬ Kānal-mithrānu yaqifu yaumal-achadi amāmal-madzbachi (Gibran, 2012, p. 42) TL Data : On Sunday, Bishop Bulos Galib preached his Gospel (Ferris, 2019, p. 33) The data above is the narration of the character "I" (Khalil Gibran) when telling the activities of Bishop Bulos Ghalib.The character "I" says that every Sunday, Bishop Bulos Ghalib preaches the Gospel (Damono, 2021, p. 77).The circumstance above is a type of time location circumstance with the adverbial phrase ‫األحد"‬ ‫"يوم‬ /yaumal-achadi/ in SL and the prepositional phrase "On Sunday" in TL.In this data, there is a shift in the form of circumstance, which is originally an adverbial phrase, then shifts to a prepositional phrase.The author analyzes that this shift is due to the application of linguistic amplification techniques.The application of this technique can be observed in the addition of the preposition 'on' in TL.The preposition 'on' is used to indicate specific days, dates and times (Sinclair, 1992(Sinclair, , p. 1002)).Based on this analysis, the application of linguistic amplification techniques can impact shifting the form of circumstance, especially circumstance in the form of adverbial phrases shifting to prepositional phrases.

Circumstance Translation Method
In the translation of Arabic-English circumstances, two translation methods were found which were derived from the application of translation techniques.The application of these techniques is found in a total of 15 types of techniques that have orientations in both the source language and the target language.In detail, from these 15 types of techniques, there are 896 data on the application of Arabic-English circumstance translation techniques.The division of translation method orientation is based on the V diagram which consists of source language and target language poles.The Table 6 shows the orientation of translation methods according to the application of translation techniques in translating Arabic-English circumstance in the novel Al-Ajnichah Al-Mutakassirah.
Based on Table 6, it can be seen that in the translation of Arabic-English circumscriptions, there are 93 data (10.4%) of translation techniques that have an orientation to the source language and are divided into 3 translation techniques.Meanwhile, 803 data (89.6%) of translation techniques have an orientation to the target language and consist of 12 translation techniques.

Circumstance Translation Ideology
In the translation of the Arabic-English circumstance, two types of translation ideologies were found from the orientation of the application of translation methods.The application of translation methods consists of source language-oriented translation methods and target language-oriented translation methods.The Table 7 shows the ideological orientation of translation according to the application of translation methods in translating the Arabic-English circumstance in Al-Ajnichah Al-Mutakassirah.

LANGKAWI
Table 7 shows the comparison between the number of translation ideology orientations adopted by the translators in translating the circumstance in the Arabic-English translation of Al-Ajnichah Al-Mutakassirah.The table above shows that the use of translation method oriented towards domestication ideology with 803 data (89.6%) is more dominant than the use of translation method oriented towards foreignization ideology with 93 data (10.4%).Based on this, it can be concluded that the translator in translating the circumstance in the novel Al-Ajnichah Al-Mutakassirah in the Arabic-English translation version has more orientation to the target language.

Discussion
This research reveal a hierarchy in the prominence of different circumstance types within the translated novels.Location and Manner are the most prevalent, collectively accounting for over 73% of the circumstance types.The findings illustrate that the majority of circumstance forms are conveyed through phrases, comprising a significant 86.4% of the total.The study identified a range of translation techniques employed in conveying circumstantial details.Established Equivalent emerged as the most prevalent strategies.The occurrence of circumstance type shifts (5 data) and circumstance shape shifts (31 data) indicates that certain changes were made during translation, potentially to adapt the text to the target language and culture.The higher frequency of unshifted circumstance types and forms in the target language suggests a strong inclination towards domestication, aiming for a smoother integration of the translated text into the target linguistic and cultural context.
In comparison with existing literature, these findings contribute a specialized focus on the Arabic-English translation of circumstances within Al-Ajnichah Al-Mutakassirah novels.While previous studies, such as those by Hidayah (2018), Maknun et al. (2022), Purwaningsih et al. (2019), Sholihah et al. (2018), and Tilusubya et al. (2018), addressed circumstances in different linguistic pairs, our study narrows the scope to a specific genre and language pair.The emphasis on circumstances in Al-Ajnichah Al-Mutakassirah novels fills a research gap identified in the literature and contributes novel insights into the intricacies of Arabic-English translation.

Muhamad Saiful Mukminin, Muhammad Yunus Anis, Hamza Ethelb: Circumstances
Translation in Arabic-English Version of Al-Ajnichah Al-Mutakassirah Novel: Systemic Functional Translation Approaches -124 - The study's strength lies in its specialized focus on the Arabic-English translation of circumstances within a distinctive genre, contributing depth to the comprehension of translation shifts in a niche context.The use of percentages and quantitative data enhances the strength of the analysis, offering a clear and structured presentation of the translation shift findings.The application of these findings to Al-Ajnichah Al-Mutakassirah novels holds particular relevance for the field of literary translation, providing valuable insights into the challenges and strategies employed to convey contextual nuances within this specific genre.
However, the study is not without limitations.Its specificity to a particular genre and language pair restricts the generalizability of the findings to broader translation contexts, raising questions about the broader applicability of the observed translation shifts.Additionally, the reliance on quantitative data, informative, highlights a weakness in the lack of a more in-depth qualitative analysis that could have provided richer insights into the nuanced aspects of translation shifts.Furthermore, the study's single perspective, predominantly viewing translation shifts through Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) lens, neglects potential insights from other translation theories, limiting the comprehensive understanding of the phenomenon.A more inclusive consideration of various theoretical frameworks could contribute to a more holistic exploration of translation shifts in literary contexts.
Based on the results of data analysis, there is a relationship between the type and form of circumstance, translation technique, translation shift, translation method, and ideology of circumstance translation in the Arabic-English translations of Al-Ajniḥah Al-Mutakassirah.The relationship between the five aspects can be seen through the componential analysis table.The Table 8 shows componential analysis that shows the relationship between the type and form of circumstance, translation technique, translation shift, translation method, and translation ideology.Based on the Table 8, it can be concluded that there is a significant relationship between the study of Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) and translation science.This is proven by the relationship between the type and form of circumstance (as the study of SFL) with translation technique, translation shift, translation method, and translation ideology (as the study of translation science).
In Arabic-English translation, there is a phenomenon of translation shift in the form of circumstance type shift of 5 data and circumstance form shift of 31 data.This shift phenomenon implies that the most dominant type of circumstance is extent circumstance in 25 data and the most dominant form of circumstance is phrase in 80 data.In addition, the most dominant translation technique that causes the shift of circumstance types and forms is the linguistic amplification technique of 20 data.The result of translation method orientation is on the target language with domestication ideology.In the data findings that do not shift, the types of circumstances are dominated by location circumstance and phrase form.Meanwhile, the technique that results in the non-shifting of circumstance types and forms is the established equivalent of 337 data.The result of translation method orientation is on the target language with domestication ideology.

Conclusion
Based on the results of the research on the study of circumstance translation in the novel Al-Ajnichah Al-Mutakassirah, several things can be presented.The types of circumstance found in the Arabic-English translation of Al-Ajnichah Al-Mutakassirah are 9 types according to Halliday's classification.Circumstance forms found in the Arabic-English translation in the novel Al-Ajnichah Al-Mutakassirah amount to 3 types of lingual units.The translation techniques applied by the translator in translating the Arabic-English version of circumstance translation in the novel Al-Ajnichah Al-Mutakassirah were found to be 15 types out of 18 types of translation techniques by Molina and Albir consisting of 896 micro data.The phenomenon of translation shift at the level of circumstance types found in the Arabic-English translation in the novel Al-Ajnichah Al-Mutakassirah totals 5 data (2%).Meanwhile, the type of circumstance that unshifted are 315 data (98%).As for the level of circumstance form, the phenomenon of shifting in the Arabic-English translation of Al-Ajnichah Al-Mutakassirah novel totals 31 data (9.7%).The unshifted circumstance forms are 289 data (90.3%).The Arabic-English version of the circumstance translation method in the novel Al-Ajnichah Al-Mutakassirah has an orientation to the target language.This is based on the application of target language-oriented translation techniques totaling 803 (89.6%) translation technique data.In addition, the Arabic-English version of the circumstance translation also found a translation method that is oriented to the source language.This is due to the application of translation techniques oriented to the source language as much as 93 (10.4%) data of translation techniques.Based on the orientation of the translation method, it can be concluded that the ideology of the Arabic-English version of

Table 1 .
Circumstance Type Findings in Arabic-English Translation

Table 2 .
Circumstance Form Findings in Arabic-English Translation

Table 3 .
Circumstance Translation Technique Findings in Arabic-English TranslationBased on the findings (Table3), it is known that the most dominant translation technique in translating Arabic-English circumstance terms is the established equivalent technique as much as 347 data (38.7%).The application of the established equivalent technique is dominant because many circumstance data are translated according to the terms commonly used in the target language.This implies the translator's effort to maintain consistency and conformity with the original text of the novel.The application of Arabic-English circumstance translation technique in the novel Al-Ajnichah Al-Mutakassirah can be observed in the following data.The data above is the narration of the character "I" when describing Selma.At that time, Selma was betrothed to the nephew of the Bishop named Mansour Bey Galib.In the context of this data, Bishop Bulos Galib called and picked up Farris Effandi Karamah to betroth Selma to Bishop Mansour Bey Galib's nephew(Damono, 2021, p.  49).The circumstance in the data is a type of comitative accompaniment circumstane marked by the prepositional phrase ‫غالب'‬ ‫بك‬ ‫منصور‬ ‫أخيه‬ ‫'البن‬ / li-ibni akhīhi manshūr bik ghālib/ and 'to the Bishop's nephew, Mansour Bey Galib'.The translator applies the adaptation technique in translating the phrase ‫أخ"‬ ‫ابن‬ /ibnu akhun/" in the circumstance form into 'nephew'.If translated word for word, the phrase would become 'son of brother'.The word ‫'ابن'‬ /ibnun/ in English means 'son'

Table 4 .
Circumstance Type Shift Findings in Arabic-English Translation

Table 5 .
Circumstance Form Shift Findings in Arabic-English Translation

Table 6 .
Circumstance Translation Method Orientation in Arabic-English Translation

Table 7 .
Circumstance Translation Method Orientation in Arabic-English Translation Ideology

Table 8 .
The Relationship between Circumstances, Techniques, Shifts, Methods, and Ideologies of Arabic-English Translation in Al-Ajnichah Al-Mutakassirah Novel

Muhamad Saiful Mukminin, Muhammad Yunus Anis, Hamza Ethelb:
Circumstances Translation in Arabic-English Version of Al-Ajnichah Al-Mutakassirah Novel: Systemic Functional Translation Approaches -126 -circumstance translation in the novel Al-Ajnichah Al-Mutakassirah belongs to the ideology of domestication.